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Erdős Problem #131

Erdős problem #131 · erdosproblems.com/131

Let F(N)F(N) be the maximal size of A{1,,N}A\subseteq\{1,\ldots,N\} such that no aAa\in A divides the sum of any nonempty subset of A{a}A\setminus\{a\}. Estimate F(N)F(N). The lower bound F(N)N1/5F(N)\gg N^{1/5} is classical, from constructions of Erdős and Csaba, and every non-dividing set is non-averaging, which gave F(N)N1/4+o(1)F(N)\leq N^{1/4+o(1)}. The claimed new result is the matching upper bound F(N)N1/5+o(1)F(N)\leq N^{1/5+o(1)}, obtained by running the Pham-Zakharov density-increment argument one dimension lower through a projective normalization, hence F(N)=N1/5+o(1)F(N)=N^{1/5+o(1)}.

Result
Proved(see note)
Status
Candidate (review pending)
AI contribution
AI-discovered
Method
Argument
Field
Number Theory, Additive Combinatorics
Posed by
Paul Erdős
Year posed
1975
Years open
51y
Solved
2026-07-24
Model
GPT-5.6 Sol, Claude
Vendor
OpenAI, Anthropic
Collaborators
Verification
Lean-verified
Publication
Announced
Significance
10 / 100
Disclosed cost
Wikipedia
No dedicated article

What was actually shown

The new content is the upper bound; the matching N^(1/5) construction is prior work of Erdős and Csaba. erdosproblems.com has not accepted the claim

What the AI did

The paper states that the novel idea - the projective normalization that survives the divisibility constraints and drops the associated convex geometry by one dimension, moving the exponent from 1/4 to 1/5 - was found by GPT-5.6 Sol. The Lean formalization was then completed by a Claude agent loop working autonomously against a human-written route document until the development compiled with no sorry and a clean axiom audit.

Verification

Built and audited by the site on 2026-08-02. A clean clone of the author's Lean 4 development (50 files, 17,408 lines) compiles against the pinned mathlib revision on Lean 4.32.0 with no sorry, admit or native_decide. `#print axioms Nondividing.main_log_limit` returns exactly the eleven whitelisted axioms - propext, Classical.choice, Quot.sound and the eight declared external interfaces - and notably no sorryAx, so no placeholder is load-bearing. Statement fidelity checked against the trusted Challenge.lean: the definitions of non-dividing and F, and the theorem type log F(N)/log N -> 1/5, match. NOT verified: the eight external axioms are assumed rather than proved. Each cites a published result (Schneider, Rogers-Shephard, Betke-Henk-Wills, Pham-Zakharov Lemmas 1, 7 and 13, Conlon-Fox-Pham) but none was checked line by line against its source, and the density-increment exponent in convex_density_set is where the 1/4 to 1/5 improvement lives. erdosproblems.com still lists the problem open with no comments.

Sources

A projective approach to non-dividing sets

Submitted by Theofil Xeff

Changelog3 changes
  • Rasmus Lindahlchanged Verification from lean-verified (unsubstantiated) to lean-verified (built and axiom-audited by the site)
  • Rasmus Lindahlapproved this entry
  • Theofil Xeffsubmitted this entry

Discussion1

Rasmus Lindahl02 Aug 2026

Verified before publishing. I installed Lean 4.32.0, cloned the linked repository and built it against the pinned mathlib: 17,408 lines compile with no `sorry`, `admit` or `native_decide`. `#print axioms Nondividing.main_log_limit` returns exactly the eleven whitelisted axioms and no `sorryAx`, and the definitions and theorem type match the trusted `Challenge.lean`, so the formalization proves what it says it proves.

What is still open: the eight external interfaces are assumed rather than proved. They are each cited to published work, but I have not checked them against the sources, and `convex_density_set` carries the exponent the whole 1/4 to 1/5 improvement rests on. The entry is therefore a candidate rather than resolved, and erdosproblems.com has not accepted the claim yet - posting it there would be the natural next step.